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The AVR chips all have internal hardware that can be used. For this description of the hardware the 90S8515 was used. Newer chips like the Mega8515 may differ and have more or less internal hardware. You will need to read the manufacturers data sheet for the processor you are using to learn about the special internal hardware available. Timer / Counters The AT90S8515 provides two general purpose Timer/Counters – one 8-bit T/C and one 16-bit T/C. The Timer/Counters have individual pre-scaling selection from the same 10-bit pre-scaling timer. Both Timer/Counters can either be used as a timer with an internal clock time base or as a counter with an external pin connection which triggers the counting. timer-counter prescaler
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Now we come to the most popular application of the diode: rectification. Simply defined, rectification is the conversion of alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). This involves a device that only allows one-way flow of electrons. As we have seen, this is exactly what a semiconductor diode does. The simplest kind of rectifier circuit is the half-wave rectifier. It only allows one half of an AC waveform to pass through to the load. (Figure below) Half-wave rectifier circuit. For most power applications, half-wave rectification is insufficient for the task. The harmonic content of the rectifier’s output waveform is very large and consequently difficult to filter. Furthermore, the AC power source only supplies power to the load one half every full cycle, meaning that half of its capacity is unused. Half-wave rectification is, however, a very simple way to reduce power to a resistive load. Some two-position lamp dimmer switches apply full AC power to the lamp filament for “full” brightness and then half-wave rectify it for a lesser light output. (Figure below) Half-wave rectifier application: Two level lamp dimmer.
